I-VOLVO 14520610 108102210 R9346000M01 / EC460 EC480 I-Track Chain Sprocket Wheel Assembly / I-Exc Undercarriage part source creator kunye nomenzi wayo / I-CQC TRACK
Indibano yamavili e-Track Chain Sprocket | I-OEM-Quality Source Factory
NguJack
Ingcali ePhakamileyo ye-Undercarriage, i-CQC TRACK
1. Isishwankathelo seMveliso
I-VOLVO 14520610 / 108102210 / R9346000M01 Track Chain Sprocket Wheel Assembly imele icandelo elibalulekileyo lokudlulisa amandla kwi-VOLVO EC460 kunye ne-EC480 series heavy-duty crawler excavators. Njengomdibaniso wokugqibela phakathi kwe-hydraulic travel motor kunye ne-track chain, le sprocket assembly iguqula i-hydraulic torque ibe yi-tractive force—nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yenye yezona zinto zithwele kakhulu kwinkqubo yonke ye-undercarriage.
I-CQC TRACK yenza le ndibano njengendawo yokutshintsha ethe ngqo yomgangatho we-OEM, eyenzelwe ukuhlangabezana okanye ukudlula iinkcukacha zezixhobo zokuqala. Ngokudityaniswa ngokuthe nkqo ukusuka ekufumaneni izinto eziluhlaza ukuya ekuhlanganisweni okugqityiweyo, sisebenza njengomzi-mveliso wemithombo kunye neqabane lokuvelisa abasasazi, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, kunye nabathengisi bezixhobo kwiimarike zehlabathi.
Isalathiso esiNqamlezileyo se-OEM
| Inombolo yeCandelo le-OEM | Imodeli yesicelo | Uhlobo lweCandelo |
|---|---|---|
| 14520610 | I-VOLVO EC460 / EC480 | Indibano yevili le-Sprocket |
| 108102210 | I-VOLVO EC460 / EC480 | Indibano yevili le-Sprocket |
| R9346000M01 | I-VOLVO EC460 / EC480 | Indibano yevili le-Sprocket |
2. Iinkcukacha zobugcisa: Zenzelwe iiMijikelo zoMsebenzi oMkhulu
I-sprocket assembly isebenza njenge-drive interface edibanisa ne-track chain bushings. Iprofayili yamazinyo ayo kunye nokuthembeka kwezinto ezibonakalayo kumisela ngokuthe ngqo ubude bexesha lenkqubo ye-track, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nexesha lokusebenza komatshini.
2.1 Ukwakhiwa kwezinto kunye nonyango lobushushu
| Inkcazo | Ipharamitha | Umgangatho |
|---|---|---|
| Izinto ezisisiseko | Intsimbi ye-alloy ye-42CrMo4 / 40CrMnMo | I-DIN / ASTM A29 |
| Ubunzima bomphezulu | 52–58 HRC | Ukungeniswa Kwenziwe Kanzima |
| Ubunzulu beTyala | ≥6 mm kumgca wepitshi | Ukulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo |
| Ubunzima obungundoqo | 28–35 HRC | Icinyiwe kwaye inomsindo |
| Ulwakhiwo lweenkozo | I-Closed-Die Forged | Akukho Ziphene Zokuphosa |
Ukukhethwa kwentsimbi ye-42CrMo4 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel kunika ukuqina okugqwesileyo, ukumelana nokudinwa, kunye nokukwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lokudibana oluhamba ngesantya esiphezulu oluqhelekileyo kwimigodi kunye nezicelo zokwakha ezinzima. Inkqubo yokuqinisa i-induction ilawulwa ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kufezekiswe ukusasazwa kobunzima obufanelekileyo—inzima ngokwaneleyo ukumelana nokuguguleka okurhabaxa, kodwa i-ductile ngokwaneleyo ukufunxa imithwalo yoxinzelelo ngaphandle kokusilela okukhulu.
2.2 Iprofayili Yamazinyo kunye Nokuchaneka Kwemilinganiselo
- Ijiyometri yezinyo eMachined CNC: Izinyo ngalinye le-sprocket lenziwe ngokweemfuno ze-OEM ngolawulo olungqongqo lobubanzi bepitch, ubukhulu bezinyo, kunye neradiyo yengcambu. Iprofayili yenzelwe ukubandakanyeka okuthambileyo kunye ne-track chain bushings, ukunciphisa ukuguguleka kwi-sprocket nakwi-chain.
- Ukunyamezelana koMdibaniso wokuFakela: Ipateni yebholiti, ububanzi bepiloti, kunye nobukhulu beflange yokuFakela zifakwe kwi-CNC ukuya kutsho kwi-±0.05 mm ngokuchanekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa okugqibeleleyo nendlu yokugqibela yemoto yokuqhuba ngaphandle kokushibilika okanye ukutshintshwa.
- Ukunyaniseka kweFlange: Iiflange ezenziwe ngomatshini ochanekileyo zithintela ukuphuma kwereyile ecaleni ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-side-slope okanye ukujika ngamandla.
2.3 Izinto ezidityanisiweyo
Indibano nganye epheleleyo ye-sprocket ibandakanya:
- Indandatho yeSprocket: Iqiniswe ngokufakwa kwe-induction ngeprofayili yamazinyo echanekileyo
- Iibholiti Zokufaka: Iibholiti zodidi lwe-12.9 ezinamandla aphezulu ezineengubo ezimelana nokugqwala
- Ii-O-Rings / iiGaskets: Zokuvala phakathi kwe-sprocket kunye ne-drive housing yokugqibela
- Unyango lokulwa nokugqwala: Ukugqitywa kwe-zinc-plated okanye i-oxide emnyama kunye ne-anti-rust oil coating
3. Amandla Okuvelisa: Kutheni Umthombo Uvela kwi-CQC TRACK
Njengomvelisi, kungekhona nje umsasazi, i-CQC TRACK ilawula onke amanqanaba emveliso—ukusuka kwisiqinisekiso sezinto ukuya ekuhlanganisweni kokugqibela. Olu manyano oluthe nkqo luqinisekisa umgangatho ohambelanayo, ukulandeleka ngokupheleleyo, kunye nokuthembeka kwekhonkco lokubonelela.
3.1 Imigaqo yoQinisekiso loMgangatho
| Iqonga | Indlela yokuhlola | Iikhrayitheriya zoKwamkelwa |
|---|---|---|
| Impahla engekasilwa | Izatifikethi zovavanyo lweSpectrometry / Mill | Ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali oluqinisekisiweyo |
| Ukubumba | Uvavanyo lweMilinganiselo | Ukunyaniseka Kokuhamba Kweenkozo |
| Umatshini | Uthelekiso lweCMM / Optical | ± 0.05 mm Ukunyamezelana |
| Unyango lobushushu | Uvavanyo loBulukhuni (100%) | Umphezulu we-52–58 HRC |
| Unyango Emva Kobushushu | Uhlolo lweeNgcawu zeMagnetic (MPI) | Akukho ziqhekeko zomphezulu |
| Indibano Yokugqibela | Uvavanyo lweTorque ejikelezayo | Ukunyaniseka kokuvala |
| Ukuqinisekiswa kweBatch | Uvavanyo lweBhentshi yokudinwa | I-1000-Iiyure ezilinganayo |
3.2 Iinkqubo zoMveliso eziPhambili
I-Closed-Die Forging: I-sprocket blank yenziwe kusetyenziswa iteknoloji ye-closed-die, evelisa isakhiwo seenkozo ezixineneyo nezifanayo ezilandela umda wecandelo. Le nkqubo isusa imingxuma yangaphakathi kunye ne-porosity eqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezibunjiweyo, inika ukumelana okuphezulu kwempembelelo.
Ukuqina Kokungenisa Ngokuchanekileyo: Ukufudumala kokungenisa okulawulwa yikhompyutha okulandelwa kukucima ngokukhawuleza kudala ityala eliqinileyo elibotshelelwe ngesinyithi kumbindi oqinileyo. Olu lwakhiwo lunezigaba ezimbini lubonelela ngokumelana nokuguguleka kunye nokufunxwa komothuko—okubalulekileyo kwiindawo zemigodi.
Ukuqinisekiswa koMatshini woKulinganisa oQokelelweyo (i-CMM): Yonke imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo iqinisekiswa kusetyenziswa iteknoloji ye-CMM, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-sprocket nganye ihambelana neenkcukacha ze-VOLVO zokuqala zeepateni ze-bolt, iidayamitha ze-pilot, kunye ne-geometry yamazinyo.
4. Inkxaso yoGutyungelwe kweMarike yeSithili kunye neNkxaso yezoThutho
I-CQC TRACK igcina uthotho lweenkonzo zehlabathi oluneendawo zesitokhwe ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nobuchule bengingqi ukuze kusetyenziswe iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kwiimarike ekujoliswe kuzo.
4.1 I-Australia kunye ne-Oceania
| Ipharamitha | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| IiMarike eziphambili | IOstreliya (iQueensland, iNtshona Ostreliya, iNew South Wales), iPapua New Guinea |
| Ukugxila kwiShishini | Ukwembiwa kwamalahle, i-iron ore, iziseko zophuhliso ze-LNG, ukumba amatye |
| Uluhlu lwempahla lwendawo | Impahla igcinwe eQueensland naseNtshona Ostreliya ukuze ithunyelwe ngokukhawuleza |
| Ixesha lokukhokhela | Iiyure ezingama-24–72 ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina impahla yengingqi |
| Inkxaso | Inkxaso yobugcisa ethetha isiNgesi; isikhokelo sokufakela kwindawo siyafumaneka |
I-Australia imele enye yezona ndawo zinzima kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Ukudibanisa i-ore yentsimbi erhabaxa eNtshona Ostreliya, ilitye eliqinileyo eQueensland, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezinto ezikude kufuna izinto ezinika ubomi obugqwesileyo bokuguguleka. I-CQC TRACK isebenzisana nabasasazi basekuhlaleni ukuqinisekisa ukuba ii-sprocket assemblies ze-VOLVO EC460/EC480 ziyafumaneka xa zifuneka kwaye apho zifuneka khona.
4.2 IJapan kunye neMpuma-mpuma yeAsia
| Ipharamitha | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| IiMarike eziphambili | IJapan, eMzantsi Korea |
| Ukugxila kwiShishini | Ukwakhiwa kwezixeko, iziseko zophuhliso, ukumba amatye |
| Ulindelo loMgangatho | Isiqinisekiso se-ISO 9001:2015; ukufaneleka ngokuchanekileyo |
| Uthutho-nkqubo | Uthutho oluvela eTshayina ukuya eTokyo, eOsaka, eBusan |
| Ixesha lokukhokhela | I-FOB yeentsuku ezi-7–10 |
Iimarike zaseJapan naseKorea zifuna imigangatho ephezulu yokuchaneka nokuthembeka. Iindibano zethu ze-sprocket zenziwe phantsi kweenkqubo eziqinisekisiweyo ze-ISO 9001:2015, kunye namaxwebhu apheleleyo aquka iziqinisekiso zezinto kunye neengxelo zokuhlolwa kobukhulu obufumanekayo kwimpahla nganye ethunyelwayo.
4.3 eMzantsi Melika
| Ipharamitha | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| IiMarike eziphambili | IBrazil, iChile, iPeru, i-Ecuador, iColombia, iArgentina |
| Ukugxila kwiShishini | Ukumbiwa kwekopolo (eChile, ePeru), i-iron ore (eBrazil), iziseko zophuhliso |
| Isitokhwe seSithili | Uluhlu lwezinto ezithengiswayo kwiPort of Callao (ePeru) nakwiPort of Santos (eBrazil) |
| Ukupakisha | Iibhokisi zokhuni ezisebenza nzima ezinokhuselo lokugqwala lwe-VCI |
| Inkxaso yoLwimi | Inkxaso yobugcisa yaseSpain nasePortugal |
| Ixesha lokukhokhela | Iintsuku ezili-10–15 ukusuka kwisitokhwe sengingqi |
Icandelo lezemigodi eMzantsi Melika—ingakumbi imisebenzi yobhedu eChile nasePeru—lifuna izinto ezingaphantsi kwesithuthi ezikwaziyo ukumelana nokukrala okukhulu kunye nemithwalo enefuthe elikhulu. Ii-sprockets zethu zenziwe ngobunzulu becala obuphuculweyo (≥6 mm) ukuze zinike ubomi obude benkonzo kwezi meko. Umswakama ophezulu kunye nomoya onetyuwa kwiindlela zothutho zaselunxwemeni zijongwa ngokupakisha i-VCI okuthintela ukugqwala ngexesha lokugcina impahla elwandle kunye nempahla yokugcina impahla.
4.4 IRashiya kunye neAsia Ephakathi
| Ipharamitha | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| IiMarike eziphambili | I-Russian Federation, iKazakhstan, iUzbekistan, iMongolia |
| Ukugxila kwiShishini | Iziseko zeoyile negesi, ukumbiwa kwamalahle, ukumbiwa kwe-polymetallic ore |
| Ukhetho lwe-Arctic-Grade | Intsimbi enobushushu obuphantsi (LT-Steel) kwimisebenzi engaphantsi kwe-zero |
| Iimpawu zeMozulu ebandayo | Ukwaleka okuchasene nokubamba kwiibholthi zokufakelwa; ukomelela okuphuculweyo kwempembelelo |
| Uthutho-nkqubo | Uloliwe odlula eKazakhstan; imithwalo elwandle ukuya eVladivostok, eNovorossiysk |
| Amaxwebhu | Isiqinisekiso se-EAC; inkxaso yokucoca irhafu |
| Ixesha lokukhokhela | Iintsuku ezingama-20–25 zesiqhelo; qhagamshelana ne-Arctic-grade |
Kwimisebenzi eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude yaseRashiya, apho amaqondo obushushu angaphakathi anokwehla ngaphantsi kwe-40°C, amanqanaba entsimbi aqhelekileyo anokuba buthathaka. I-CQC TRACK inikezela ngohlobo lwe-Arctic olunentsimbi enobushushu obuphantsi (LT-Steel) eyenziwe ngokukodwa enokuqina okunamandla kwiqondo lobushushu elingaphantsi kwe-zero. Iibholiti zokufaka zifumana uphahla olukhethekileyo oluchasene nokubamba ukuthintela ukurhawuzelelwa ngexesha lokufakelwa kwemozulu ebandayo.
4.5 iYurophu
| Ipharamitha | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| IiMarike eziphambili | IJamani, iFransi, iNetherlands, iScandinavia, iPoland, i-UK |
| Ukugxila kwiShishini | Ukumba, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe, ubunjineli bokwakha obunzima, ukudilizwa |
| Ukuthobela imithetho | Ukumakishwa kwe-CE; Ummiselo we-EU (EU) ukuthotyelwa koMthetho ka-2016/1628 |
| Isitokhwe seSithili | Ukugcinwa kwezindlu eNetherlands nasePoland |
| Ixesha lokukhokhela | Iiyure ezingama-24–48 ukusuka kwisitokhwe se-EU |
Abathengi baseYurophu bayazuza kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla zasekuhlaleni ezivumela ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke ilizwekazi. Zonke iimveliso zineempawu ze-CE kwaye ziyahambelana nemigaqo efanelekileyo ye-EU. Ukugxininiswa kwemarike yaseYurophu kwimigangatho yokuthobela indalo kunye nokhuseleko kuhambelana neenkqubo zolawulo lomgangatho zeCQC TRACK.
4.6 eNtshona Asia, e-Asia Ephakathi kunye ne-Afrika
| Ipharamitha | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| IiMarike eziphambili | ITurkey, i-UAE, iSaudi Arabia, iKuwait, iQatar, uMzantsi Afrika |
| Ukugxila kwiShishini | Iiprojekthi ezinkulu zeziseko zophuhliso, ukumbiwa kwemigodi entlango, ulwakhiwo olunzima |
| Ukumelana nobushushu | Ukuqina okuqhelekileyo kuqinisekiswe kumaqondo obushushu angama-50°C+ |
| Ukhetho lweDesert-Spec | Ukuthintela ukubanjwa ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu; ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo lokugqwala |
| Isitokhwe seSithili | Uluhlu lwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo eDubai (UAE) naseIstanbul (Turkey) |
| Ixesha lokukhokhela | Iintsuku ezisi-7–12 ukusuka kwisitokhwe sengingqi |
Imisebenzi yasentlango inemingeni eyahlukileyo: amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ukungena kwesanti erhabaxa, kunye nokujikeleza kobushushu obuphezulu. Iindibano ze-CQC TRACK sprocket kwiimarike zaseNtshona Asia naseMntla Afrika zineenkqubo zokuvala eziphuculweyo kunye neekhompawundi ezichasene nokubanjwa ezinobushushu obuphezulu. Indawo yokugcina impahla eDubai iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kumazwe eGulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
5. Umxholo weNkqubo yoLawulo lweZithuthi ezingaphantsi kwesithuthi: Isisombululo esipheleleyo
Nangona eli nqaku ligxile ekuhlanganisweni kwevili le-sprocket, i-CQC TRACK yenza uluhlu olupheleleyo lwezinto ezingaphantsi kwesithuthi ezisetyenziswa kwi-VOLVO EC460/EC480 excavators:
| Icandelo | Isalathiso seCandelo le-OEM | Isipho seCQC |
|---|---|---|
| Indibano yeTrack Chain | Ezahlukeneyo | Iikhonkco eziqiniswe yi-induction; iitsheyini ezinamahlathi |
| Izihlangu zeTrack | Ezahlukeneyo | Igrosa enye, igrosa ephindwe kabini, iphedi ecaba |
| Irola yoMthwali | 14520608 | Intsimbi eyenziweyo; iibheringi ezitywiniweyo |
| Irola yeTrack | Ezahlukeneyo | Iqiniswe ngokufakwa komoya; izitywino ze-duo-cone |
| Umhambisi ongaphambili | 1081-02222 / 14510975 / 14533152 | Intsimbi eyenziweyo; izitywino zelebhile |
| Isilungisi sendlela | Ezahlukeneyo | Isilinda yegrisi; intwasahlobo enzima |
| I-Sprocket | 14520610 / 108102210 / R9346000M01 | Njengoko kuchaziwe |
Kwabaqhubi beenqwelo-mafutha, ukufumana ikhithi epheleleyo yesithuthi esingaphantsi komhlaba kumvelisi omnye kuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwezixhobo, kwenza kube lula ukuthenga, kwaye kuvumela amaxabiso aphezulu.
6. Kutheni i-ExC Undercarriage enomsebenzi onzima ibalulekile
Ii-EC460 kunye nee-EC480 zezona klasi zinkulu ze-VOLVO zokumba, ezisebenza rhoqo kwezi:
- Ukwemba: Ukususa umthwalo ogqithisileyo, ukulayisha isinyithi, ukulungiswa kwebhentshi
- Ukumba: Ukuqhekeza amatye okuqala, ukuphathwa kwezinto
- Ulwakhiwo Olunzima: Iiprojekthi zeziseko zophuhliso, ukumba isiseko
- Ukucocwa kwamahlathi kunye noMhlaba: Xa kuxhotyiswe ngezinto ezikhethekileyo
Kwezi zicelo, izinto ezisetyenziswa ngaphantsi kwesithuthi zithatha i-30-50% yeendleko zokugcinwa koomatshini kulo lonke ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Ukukhetha ii-sprockets, ii-idlers, kunye nee-rollers ezikumgangatho ophezulu zinefuthe ngqo:
- Ubomi beTrack Chain: Iisprockets ezigugileyo zikhawulezisa ukunxitywa kwe-chain bushing
- Ixesha lokungasebenzi komatshini: Ukungaphumeleli kwesithuthi esingaphantsi kwemoto kubangela ixesha lokungasebenzi elingacwangciswanga
- Iindleko Zokusebenza: Ubomi obude becandelo bunciphisa iindleko zizonke zobunini
Izinto ze-EXC ze-CQC TRACK ezisebenza nzima zenzelwe ngokukodwa ezi zicelo zinzima, kunye nokuphuculwa koyilo okujongana neendlela zokusilela ezaziwayo kwi-OEM nakwiimveliso ze-aftermarket.
7. Iziqinisekiso zoMgangatho kunye neMigangatho
| Isiqinisekiso | Ububanzi |
|---|---|
| I-ISO 9001:2015 | Inkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho |
| I-ISO 14001 | Ulawulo lokusingqongileyo |
| Ukumakishwa kwe-CE | Ukuvumelana kweYurophu |
| Isiqinisekiso se-EAC | Umanyano lweMithetho yaseYurophu |
Zonke iimveliso zenziwa kwiindawo ezisebenza phantsi kwezi ziqinisekiso, kwaye amaxwebhu apheleleyo afumaneka xa eceliwe.
8. Ulwazi loku-odola
Isishwankathelo seNombolo yeCandelo
| Ikhowudi ye-oda ye-CQC | Umnqamlezo we-OEM | Ubunzima (kg) | Ukupakisha | I-MOQ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-CQC-VOL-S01 | 14520610 | ~95 | Ibhokisi yomthi | 2 ii-pcs |
| I-CQC-VOL-S02 | 108102210 | ~95 | Ibhokisi yomthi | 2 ii-pcs |
| I-CQC-VOL-S03 | R9346000M01 | ~95 | Ibhokisi yomthi | 2 ii-pcs |
Ii-Incoterms ziyafumaneka
- I-FOB - izibuko eliphambili laseTshayina
- I-CIF - Nasiphi na izibuko elikhulu kwihlabathi liphela
- I-DDP – Yabathengi abafanelekileyo kwiindawo ezithile
Amaxesha okuKhokela
- Izinto zeStock (imimandla ekhethiweyo): iiyure ezingama-24–72
- Imveliso yeFektri: Iintsuku zokusebenza ezili-15–20
- Iinkcukacha ezenziwe ngokwezifiso (ODM): Iintsuku zokusebenza ezingama-25–30
9. Ulwazi loQhagamshelwano
Ukuba unemibuzo, iinkcukacha zobugcisa, okanye ukuba ufuna ukwenza iodolo:
I-CQC TRACK - Icandelo leemoto ezingaphantsi kwesithuthi esinzima
- Email: sales@cqctrack.com
- Iwebhusayithi:www.cqctrack.com
- Indawo yeFektri: eTshayina
Ukuba unemibuzo ngengingqi, nceda ubhekisele kwimarike yakho kumgca wesihloko ukuze ukhawulezise ukuya kumphathi wentengiso wengingqi ofanelekileyo.
10. Inkxaso yoBugcisa kunye neSikhokelo soFakelo
I-CQC TRACK inika inkxaso yobugcisa ngaphambi kokuthengisa nasemva kokuthengisa, kuquka:
- Ukuqinisekiswa kokufaneleka: Ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana nenombolo yochungechunge lomatshini wakho
- Isikhokelo sokufakelwa: Iinkcukacha zeTorque, ulwalathiso lwesitywino, iinkqubo zokuhlanganisa
- Uhlalutyo lokunxiba: Ukuvavanya ukuba ngaba kufuneka ukutshintshwa kwe-sprocket ngokusekelwe kwiipateni zokunxiba
- Iingcebiso ezipheleleyo zekhithi: Ukuphucula ukuhambelana kwezixhobo zesithuthi esingaphantsi kwemoto ukuze kusebenze ubomi obuphezulu benkonzo
Malunga noMbhali
UJACK yiNgcali ePhakamileyo yeZithuthi ezingaphantsi kwesithuthi eCQC TRACK enamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-15 kwiinkqubo zezixhobo ezinzima. Unike inkxaso yobugcisa kwaye ubonelela ngezisombululo kwimisebenzi yezemigodi nokwakha kulo lonke elaseOstreliya, eMzantsi Melika, eYurophu, naseAsia Ephakathi.
Olu xwebhu lujoliswe kwiinjongo zolwazi. Iinkcukacha zingatshintsha ngaphandle kwesaziso. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha zangoku kunye nokufumaneka kwazo, nceda unxibelelane ngqo ne-CQC TRACK.







